GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) is an incretin hormone secreted by intestinal L cells after eating, primarily functioning in its active form, GLP-1(7-36)NH₂. It stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits the release of glucagon, and stabilizes postprandial blood glucose; simultaneously, it delays gastric emptying, enhances satiety, and reduces food intake.
Core Functions
**Hypoglycemic (Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion):** Stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells only when blood glucose is elevated, while simultaneously inhibiting glucagon secretion from α cells → extremely low risk of hypoglycemia.
**Inhibition of Gastric Emptying + Central Satiety:** Delays the passage of gastric contents into the small intestine, acting on the hypothalamus's ARC area to increase satiety → naturally reducing food intake and weight loss.
**Organ Protection:** Improves endothelial function, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic; some formulations have been shown to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and kidney disease progression.
Key Advantages:
Extremely High Safety (Low Risk of Hypoglycemia): Unlike traditional hypoglycemic drugs, its "intelligent regulation" mechanism ensures effective blood sugar control with minimal hypoglycemic events, resulting in extremely high safety.
More Even Fat Reduction (Visceral Protection): It not only reduces overall weight but also specifically reduces visceral fat accumulation, improving metabolic disorders caused by obesity and avoiding problems like sagging skin that can result from simple dieting.
Long-Acting and Convenient (For Long-Acting Formulations): Currently, mainstream long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as once-weekly formulations) utilize sustained-release technology, significantly reducing dosing frequency, improving patient compliance, and causing less gastrointestinal discomfort compared to short-acting formulations.
Potential Benefits Beyond Metabolism: Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 drugs show significant advantages in reducing the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, and in improving obesity-related diseases such as obstructive sleep apnea and osteoarthritis.
Precautions for Use
Injection: Subcutaneous injection (abdomen/thigh/upper arm), at a fixed time weekly or daily, rotating injection sites to prevent induration; after removal from the refrigerator, allow to stand until room temperature before injection to reduce irritation.
Travel: Use a portable insulated bag with ice packs (do not allow the medication to directly contact the ice), carry on board, do not check in; for short trips of a few hours, keep in a bag away from heat and light.
Contraindications/Cautions: Contraindicated in patients with a personal/family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or MEN2 syndrome; those with a history of pancreatitis, severe gastrointestinal disease, pregnancy/lactation, or planned pregnancy require evaluation by a physician.
Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, constipation/diarrhea, decreased appetite, usually lessening with increasing dose; persistent severe abdominal pain (indicating pancreatitis), severe allergic reactions, or jaundice require medical attention.
Combined Use: When used in combination with insulin/sulfonylureas, monitor blood glucose levels carefully; in rare cases, hypoglycemia may be necessary; it is generally recommended to discontinue use for at least 1 week before elective surgery (as directed by a physician).
Storage Conditions
Unopened: Must be stored long-term in a refrigerator at 2℃-8℃, keeping the original packaging away from light. Do not freeze. When refrigerating, the medication should be kept 1-2 cm away from the refrigerator wall to prevent freezing and subsequent denaturation.
After First Use: Can be stored at room temperature not exceeding 30℃ or in a refrigerator at 2℃-8℃ for up to 6 weeks (specific shelf life may vary slightly depending on the medication; for example, liximab is 14 weeks). When not in use, cover with the pen cap and protect from light. Do not freeze.
Travel: For short trips, if the room temperature is below 30℃, it can be carried on board. If the temperature is too high, use a special cooler box or ice packs (use a towel to separate the ice packs from the ice packs to prevent frostbite). Must be carried on board when traveling by plane or train; do not check it in, as the low temperature or severe vibration in the cargo hold may damage the medication's efficacy.
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